Chapter+12+The+Second+War+for+American+Independence+and+the+Upsurge+of+Nationalism

 The Americans tried to invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain. The Canadians defeated them all. The Americans then attacked by sea and were more successful. __Oliver Hazard Perry__- was a noble man and earned the title "Hero of Lake Erie" for leading American forces in a naval victory at the Battle of Lake Erie. __General Harrison's__ army conquered the British at Detroit and Fort Malden in the Battle of the Thames in October 1813.__Thomas Macdonough__- commander of American naval forces in Lake Champlain he won the decisive **Battle of Lake Champlain**, also known as the Battle of Plattsburgh. **September 11, 1814**; he saved the upper New York from conquest. __Andrew Jackson__ defended New Orleans. In the Battle of New Orleans on **January 8, 1815**, Jackson's 5,000 soldiers won a victory over 7,500 British. He restored a sense of honor and nationalism to Americans.In **August 1814** a second British force landed in Chesapeake Bay advancing on Washington. The invaders then entered the capital and set fire to most of the public buildings including the capitol and the white house but while Washington burned the Americans in Baltimore held their ground.__Francis Scott Key__- American prisoner captured by the British and aboard a ship. He was unable to do anything but watch the bombarding of the American forces at Fort McHenry during the **Battle of Baltimore**. When the smoke cleared, Key was able to see an American flag still waving and reported this to the prisoners below deck. He was so inspired that he most famously is known for writing the "**Star Spangled Banner**".
 * __ On to Canada Over Land and Lakes __**
 * __ Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended  __**

Tsar Alexander I Russia felt pressured by Napoleons Army. He called the British and Americans to make peace because he didn’t want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas. He did not want Napoleon to take over Europe. The Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice. John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay traveled to Ghent to sign the treaty. Both sides decided to stop fighting and conquered territory was restored. For Americans, nationalism was the greatest result of the War of 1812. A distinctly national literature emerged to match the new American nationalism. Writers such as **Washington Irving** and **James Fenimore Cooper** were leaders in this movement, developing unique themes and scenes from America. Nationalism could be seen in the financial sector as well. The **Bank of the United States** was voted to be revived by Congress in 1816. Furthermore, Americans built a new national capital over the ruins of Washington, which had been burned by the British during the war. The army was expanded to include ten thousand men, and the navy achieved more glory when it defeated pirates off the coast of North Africa in 1815.  After the War of 1812, British manufacturers began selling their products to the United States, often at a cheaper price than American factories. Nationalists in Congress wanted to protect new American industries from British competition. To do this, **Henry Clay** developed a plan called the **American System** that would strengthen home markets. The first part of the plan involved a protective tariff. Congress passed the **Tariff of 1816**, which taxed up to 25% of the value on imported goods. The second part of Clay’s plan was a strong banking system. Banks would supply Americans credit and they would not need to take out loans from foreign banks. The third part of the American System aimed to construct a network of roads and canals to strengthen American infrastructure. The transportation systems would be focused in the Ohio Valley region, and would increase trade between the North, South and West. The American System met some opposition in Congress from those who were against federal intervention in intrastate affairs.  The presidential election of 1816 was won by the **Democratic-Republican** candidate **James Monroe**. The weak **Federalist Party** was easily defeated. Monroe continued the “Virginia dynasty” of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison, and was the last president in the generation of Founding Fathers. The rising nationalism of this era was exemplified by Monroe’s good will tour of the country. Even in Federalist New England, Monroe received a warm greeting. His good will tour was what ushered the “**Era of Good Feelings**” in the United States. However, this title was a misnomer, as there were several underlying issues in this time period. Among them were economic hardship, competition between different areas of the country, and the conflict over slavery. The Panic of 1819 __**  An economic crisis hit the United States in Monroe’s first term. Called the **Panic of 1819**, this setback caused deflation, numerous bankruptcies, and high levels of unemployment. There were several causes that led to the panic, but the main factor was overspeculation in the selling of frontier lands in the West. Involved in the speculation was the Bank of the United States, which operated through its western branches, called “**wildcat banks**.” The Bank of the United States became a hated institution by many westerners because if foreclosed mortgages on numerous farms. The lower classes were especially hard hit by the depression and many were forced into debtors’ prisons. The hardships suffered by poor people in the Panic of 1819 laid the foundations for future Jacksonian democracy.  Between 1791 and 1811, people migrated westward at a rapid pace, and nine frontier states were admitted to the union in these years. There were a number of reasons for the westward expansion. For one thing, newly arrived European immigrants were eager to purchase cheap land in areas such as the Ohio River Valley. In the south, farmers moved westward in search of new soil because the much of the land had been exhausted by tobacco farming. In addition, the economic hardship brought on by numerous trade embargoes gave many people reason to search for new opportunities in the west. Many western lands were safer after the Native Americans suffered crushing defeats at the hands of Generals Harrison and Jackson. In the Ohio Valley, improved highways, such as the **Cumberland Road**, made transportation much easier. However, despite its growth, the West was still politically weak and economically unstable. Westerners relied on cheap acreage, and this was partially ensured by the **Land Act of 1820**, which authorized the sale of 80 acres for a minimum of $1.25 in cash. __** The confrontation between the North and the South over slavery erupted in 1819 when Missouri applied for statehood. The House of Representatives, in an attempt to make Missouri a free state, passed the **Tallmadge amendment**. This law made it illegal for any new slaves to be brought into Missouri and provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents there. Although the Tallmadge amendment did not go into effect because it failed to pass through the Senate, it did evoke rage from many Southerners. In recent decades, the North had slowly gained control of the House of Representatives because of its rapidly increasing population, but the South remained equally powerful in the Senate. If another free state was added to the union, the South would lose its power there as well. Southerners were also concerned by the prospect that Congress could potentially abolish the institution of slavery in Southern states. Leaders in Washington looked desperately for a solution to the problem over slavery and maintain balance between the North and South. __** Ultimately, the North and South were forced to compromise in order to reach a solution for the slavery issue. With Henry Clay playing leading role, Congress reached the **Missouri Compromise** in 1820. Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, but Maine was simultaneously brought in as a free state to preserve the balance. That way, there were twelve slave states and twelve free states. Additionally, slavery was banned in the Louisiana Purchase north of the line **36** ** ⁰ **** 30’ **, which was the southern border of Missouri. Southerners were not overly offended by the prohibition of slavery in such as large area because slavery was unsuited to prairie conditions. Although it was far from a perfect solution, the Missouri Compromise did succeed in securing peace for thirty-four years. __** The Supreme Court reinforced the rise of nationalism and the growing power of the federal government. Led by **Chief Justice John Marshall**, the Supreme Court made a number of rulings in this time period that limited state power in favor of the national government. One notable case was **//McCulloch// v. //Maryland//**, which involved the state of Maryland trying to tax the notes of a branch of the Bank of the United States. The Supreme Court declared that the Bank of the United States was constitutional and denied Maryland the right to tax it. In another famous case, called **//Cohens// v. //Virginia//**, John Marshall and the other justices asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of state supreme courts, a decision that further strengthened the federal government. In addition, in the case of **//Gibbons// v. //Ogden//**, John Marshall reprimanded the state of New York for trying to control interstate commerce between New York and New Jersey. Another noteworthy case was that of //Fletcher// v. //Peck//, which occurred when the Georgia legislature attempted to recall a contract that awarded land to private speculators. The Supreme Court forbid Georgia from altering the contract, as it was constitutionally illegal for it to do so. In a similar case of **//Dartmouth College// v. //Woodward//**, the Supreme Court declared it illegal for the state of New Hampshire to tamper with the charter that had been granted to Dartmouth College by King George III. __** With his secretary of state, **John Quincy Adams**, President Monroe pursued an aggressive and nationalistic path of foreign policy. The Monroe Administration negotiated the **Treaty of 1818** with Britain. This agreement allowed Americans to share Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, established the northern border of the Louisiana Purchase, and provided for a joint occupation of the **Oregon Country** on the west coast. Prior to the War of 1812, America had been attempting to gain control of Florida. In 1818, **General Andrew Jackson** entered Florida with troops, taking advantage of the absence of Spanish troops, who were putting down revolts in Latin America. He seized the two most important Spanish posts in the area and deposed of the Spanish governor. The Monroe administration was alarmed by Jackson’s exploits, but they were able to work out the **Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819** with Spain. In exchange for possession of Florida, the U.S. agreed to give up its claims to Texas. __** In the wake of Napoleon’s wars in Europe, many European monarchs banded together to protect the world of democracy. It was rumored that Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France would send armies to the Americas and return the Spanish colonies in Latin America to the Spanish monarch. Many Americans were alarmed by this prospect and sympathized with the new Latin American republics. In particular, Russia threatened America on the Pacific coast. Russians had already established trading posts as far south as the San Francisco Bay. However, Great Britain did not want to see democracy crushed in the western hemisphere. The newly opened ports of the Latin American republics offered the British merchants huge profits. The British offered to join the United States in keeping other European powers out of Latin America. Although John Quincy Adams suspected the British of trying to stop American expansion in Latin America, he viewed the alliance as necessary. __** The **Monroe Doctrine** was issued to Congress in 1823 by President Monroe, who was influenced by secretary of state John Quincy Adams. As a warning to the European powers, the doctrine consisted of two main parts: noncolonization and nonintervention. He asserted that the era of colonization in the Americas had ended and prohibited any country from acquiring new territory in the western hemisphere. He also warned the monarchs of Europe to stay out of the affairs of the new republics of Latin America. Although angered by the Monroe Doctrine, it was actually the British navy that kept the continental European powers out of the western hemisphere. Few Latin Americans even knew of the American decree. Even before the doctrine was issued, the tsar of Russia had already agreed to retreat from the Pacific coast of North America, which was finalized by the **Russo-American Treaty of 1824**. The Monroe Doctrine was only as effective as the U.S. military could allow it to be, and more than anything else it was a product of the nationalist feelings that resulted from the War of 1812.
 * __ The Treaty of Ghent __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The Rise of Nationalism __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The American System __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The Era of Good Feelings __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Expansion in the West __**
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The Issue of Slavery
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The Missouri Compromise
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The Power of the Supreme Court
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> Oregon and Florida
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> European Influence in the Americas
 * __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> The Monroe Doctrine