Chapter+13-The+Rise+of+a+Mass+Democracy

 TERMS 1. Corrupt Bargain 1824- Henry Clay wasn’t fond of Andrew Jackson, thus he persuaded congress to vote in favor of John Quincy Adams for the presidency. Jackson was outraged at this result because Clay was then given the title of Secretary Of State and Jackson was suspicious of the use of the spoils system. 2. 12th Amendment – states that of the top three candidates running for the presidency, will be chosen by the House of Representatives if there is not a clear winner that has been voted on by the public. 3. Nationalists- People with a strong devotion towards their country. Also they have the idea that the government will benefit from acting independently rather than involving oneself in international affairs. 4. Sectionalism- Excessive devotion to interests within your nation. 5. The spoils system- Rewarding political supporters with public offices within the government. 6. Black Tariff/ “Tariff of Abominations” 1828- was put in place by Congress and it greatly raised the tax on manufactured goods. This greatly upset the southern states who relied on manufactured goods. 7. Nullification- when a state attempts to void a law within the United States 8. Force Bill/ “Bloody Bill” – authorized the president to use the army and navy if necessary to collect tariff duties. 9. Indian Removal Act- Provided the transplanting of all Indian tribes to east of the Mississippi. This greatly affected The Five Civilized Tribes as well as many others. Many Indians died when they were forced to march to the new “Indian Territory” where they were supposedly free of all white encroachments. 10. McCulloch vs. Maryland – case that proved that the national bank was constitutional 11. Pet banks/ wildcat banks - name given to the state banks that received more government funds than others; given to them by the U.S. Department of Treasury 12. Whig Party- A party formed in the mid 1930’s which displayed both conservative and progressive views and reforms within society and the economy. They were very much against the Democrats and the ideas of Jackson and his followers. 13. “Divorce Bill”/ Independent Treasury Bill- Separated the government and banks established and “independent” banking system, keeping the government money safe, but denying the banking reserves system. People 14. James Monroe- was the last of the Virginia dynasty ended his second term and handed the reins off to the 4 candidates. He was the 5th President and left the country the country growing in good hands no matter who won. 15. John Quincy Adams- won the Presidency with the help of Henry Clay. Adams pushed to build roads and canals but the south was irate because the government was willing to take on a huge debt. Westerns were also upset because they could not expand farther west. 16. Henry Clay- was a candidate for Presidency but lost. He still had power to influence the Presidency as Speaker of the House and choose Adams. He was then appointed Sectary of State starting the talk of a corrupt bargain. Later on he presented the bill to renew the charter of the National Bank and make it an issue of the next election but failed because the wealthy had become a minority. 17. William H. Crawford- He was one of the 4 candidates for Presidency to take over for James Monroe. No one got a majority of the votes so it went to the House of Representatives. Crawford had a paralytic stroke so he was out of the running for Presidency. 18. Andrew Jackson- was a war hero and a favorite to become President. He won the popular vote but because he did not get the electoral votes needed it went to the House and lost because of Clay. He was angered and next election he won and became President. He moved to remove the Indians east of the Mississippi to west of the river and he accomplished this with the Indian Removal Act. After this he finally accomplished the destruction of the National Bank by vetoing there charter. 19. John Randolph-He was Senator of Virginia. He defeated Patrick Henry for the seat. John also was an advocate for States Rights as well as publicly assailed the alliance of Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. 20. John C. Calhoun - He had secretly written a pamphlet going against the Tariff of Abominations. He was in favor of the compromise Tariff of 1833. He joined with Clay and Webster to force a motion censuring Jackson for his single-handed removal of federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. 21. Demark Vesey-was a slave that after winning the lottery he purchased his freedom. He became successful but his hatred for slave owners grew. He set up a group of people and planed a revolt for July 14, 1822 but it was stopped as the idea spread. Vesey was captured and hanged with other generals in the plot and 4 white men. 22. Robert Y. Hayne-Hayne was from the south and supported states rights as more important. In 1839 he had a big debate with Daniel Webster, arguing that the Constitution was made with the states and that any state could nullify any part of the Constitution. 23. John Marshall 1828-was the Supreme Chief Court Justice. He resided over many of the most important cases which gave the interpretation of the Constitution. Basically he made Judicial Review be what it is today. 24. Jefferson Davis 1832- Was only a little part involved in the Black Hawk war but was to deliver Black Hawk and White Cloud to St. Louis. 25. Abraham Lincoln-Was a part of the Black Hawk war as a captain and returned twice as a private after his service term was up. 26. Osceola-was a leader of the Seminole in Florida. He attempted to stop the move of the Seminoles from Florida but was unsuccessful. 27. Nicholas Biddle-was President of the National Bank of America. The bank had much influence on the American economy and because of that Andrew Jackson decided not to renew the banks charter. Nicholas fought with some friends in congress but the Bank was dissolved. 28. Daniel Webster-A senator from Mass In1827 to 41. He supported the tariff but opposed nullification. He disagreed with President Jackson on most subjects and yearned for presidency but only become Sectary of State for William Henry Harrison and John Tyler. 29. Martin Van Buren-The handpicked replacement by Jackson he became President. Buren also fought against the use of private banks having federal money in it. He as well blocked the annexation of Texas for fear that it becomes another slave state. 30. William Henry Harrison-Harrison was nominated by the Whigs in 1840 and became President in 1840. He was portrayed as a war hero for the Battle of Tippecanoe. Unfortunately he died not even a month into office. 31. Stephen Austin-Was a successful empresario, helping Americans get settled into Texas. 32. David Crockett-Crockett was a part of the Texas Revolution and died at The Alamo. His story is often over played.

33. Jim Bowie- Bowie was another man killed at The Alamo. He is famous for his long hand blade the Bowie knife. 34. Sam Huston-Huston was leader of the Texas army who went on to win Texas independence and become the only President of Texas before getting Texas annex by The United States. 35. Santa Anna-Anna was the ruler of Mexico and leader of the army that attacked The Alamo and lost to Sam Huston. 36. W. B. Travis-Travis went to the Alamo and soon became there leader. He stood through the long siege waiting for reinforcements that never came and it became the fighting place for his death. 37. John Tyler- Tyler became president after Harrison died in office because he was his vice-president. He was a true southerner and in the end he became a part of the Confederacy.

Summary  There were 4 main Republicans running for office in 1824 Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and William Crawford. None of the candidates won the majority so the vote went to the House of Representatives. Clay and Crawford were eliminated for fewer votes but with Clay the Speaker of the House he had a big say in who would become President. Clay convinced the House to vote for Adams and then Adams appointed Clay Sectary of State. This was then called the “Corrupt Bargain” by Jackson because of the fact he received more popular votes. John Quincy Adams was a strong nationalist and supported education, building national roads and canals. In the elections of 1824 and 1828 the major parties were the National Republicans and the Democratic-Republicans. Adams and Clay were the figure heads of the National Republicans and Jackson was the same with the Democratic-Republicans. Jackson beat Adams in the election of 1828 mostly because of his support from the south even though Adams got hie support from the North. Jackson was the first President from the south and only the second without a college degree. When Jackson took over he used the “spoils system” and replaced most of the people in office with Democrats, their own people. In 1828 the Tariff of 1828 or the Tariff of Abominations was passed and the south hated this. It raised tariffs and this made the south feel it hurt them too much. John C. Calhoun made pamphlet that denounced the tariff. In 1832 congress passed a lower tariff to show support for the south. The south was still unhappy and South Carolina called for the Columbia Convention. Delegates called for the tariff to be void in South Carolina. They threatened to succeed from the union. Henry Clay introduced the Tariff of 1833 which was a gradual reduction of the Tariff of 1832 by 10% OVER 8 years. The compromise Tariff of 1833 was liked by South Carolina but not by the other south states. Jackson wanted to continue expansion westward. Society for Propagating the Gospel Among Indians was created in 1787 to Christianize Indians. The five civilized tribes were the Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles. Jackson in 1830 passed the Indian Removal Act in order to move the Indians west of the Mississippi to reserve land. The Civilized Tribes were hit the hardest and the Sauk with leader Black Hawk resisted and fought back. The Seminoles also resisted by going deep into the Everglades in Florida. Jackson hated the bank of the United States because he felt it was creating a monopoly. The bank was a private institution accountable only to its investors. The bank minted gold and silver with Nicholas Biddle as president holding an almost unconstitutional amount of power. The Bank War started in 1832 when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay presented congress with a bill to renew the Banks charter. Clay pushed for the renewing of the charter and make it an issue for the election. He felt if Jackson signed off on it the people of the West would dislike him because they hated the bank or veto it and make the wealthy east hate him. Clay forgot that the wealthy class was now a minority. Jackson vetoed the bill calling it unconstitutional and this showed the Executive Branch had more power than the Judicial Branch on determining if something is constitutional or not.

In 1832 the election year, a new part which was against the Masonic Order, which was the Anti- Masonic party. This party ended up being against the Jacksonians during the election however Jackson still won the race. Soon after he was elected in 1833, Jackson wanted to get rid of the Bank of the United States, so he took out all the money three years before the charter expired in order to ensure the back would close. This led the US money system to become a downward spiral when the wildcat banks started to make their own insignificant money. Thus, in 1836 Jackson made the Treasury issue a Specie Circular, which required all the public land to be bought with silver. Suring this time was also the start of a Democratic - Republican Party called the Whig party. They were seen as conservatives but they also mixed with progressive ideas; like supporting reforms, prisons, asylums, and public schooling. Also, they supported “internal improvements” like canals, railroads, and telegraph lines. The Whigs used the slogan of being defenders of the common man and said that the Democrats led corruption. Even after the rise of the Whig party in the election of 1836 Jackson’s choice as a successor, Martin Van Buren, won over William H. Harrison from the Whig party. One reason that the Whigs didn’t win was because their scattered ideas led them to follow behind separated candidates. Even though the election was very tight the Democrats won again with a 170 to 124 electoral voting margin. With Van Buren’s high intellect and education he was above average, however he wasn’t very well liked by the US people. With his high resentment towards Democrats, Van Buren lost a lot of support and he inherited Jackson’s enemies. With an outbreak in Canada in 1837 and incidents also the Northern border, people were getting upset at Van Buren’s neutral state. Also, the northerners were crying out against slavery. Van Buren was also left with Jackson’s legacy of a future depression. The panic of 1837 was the result of the wild banking systems and the shaky new currency used in some banks. But this wasn’t all; Jackson’s finance, the failure of crops, and increased prices caused fury among Americans. This struggle caused hundreds of banks to close, including its government funds that were brought down with them. Van Buren trued to fix this with a “Divorce Bill” which established and “independent” banking system, keeping the government money safe, but denying the banking reserves system. This was never a popular idea but after a while the Independent Treasury Bill was passed by Congress in 1840; however it was repealed the next year. Americans in this time wanted more and more land and started to expand to Texas. With the thousands of people quickly moving to Texas there were many differences between the Texans and the Mexicans, for example, Texans were for slavery and Mexicans were against it. Santa Ana, one of the leaders of the immigration to Texas started to rise up an army in Mexico to suppress the Texans. In the Battle of San Jacinto Ana was captured by the commander and forced to sign a treaty in 1836. Lastly Texas wanted to become a state. However the annexation of Texas was well debated at this time because Americans were split in terms of allowing in another slave state to the nation. In the election of 1840 Van Buren came back to try to be re-elected however he was again met by William H. Harrison who this time succeeded in winning over the American public for the presidency. This election and the start of the 1840’s showed a change in the politics. The once unwelcomed Democracy was now respectably and aristocracy was now frowned upon. The other change resulting from the election of 1840 was the development of the two-party system. These two parties were now the Democrats and the Whig party. The Democrats stressed the liberty of the common man. They also supported state’s rights and a lessening of federal involvement in social and economic affairs. The Whigs valued community and saw an importance in a united society. They also wanted a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, and public schooling. 