Chpater+10+Launching+the+New+Ship+of+State


 * __People & Terms to Know__:

General George Washington**- first president to ever be elected unanimity…war hero…helped to establish the cabinet. While he was president, there were only 3 department heads below him: Secretary of State, Secretary of Treasury, and Secretary of War. He took the oath of office on April 30th, 1789. **King Louis XVI:** King of France from 1643 to 1715 who ruled France during the reign of terror from his lavish palace of Versailles. **Treaty of Greenville 1795:** signed in August of 1795 stating the confederacy give up vast tracts of the Old Northwest including most of present day Indiana and Ohio.
 * Secretary of State (established in 1789):** Thomas Jefferson
 * Secretary of the Treasury (established in 1789):** Alexander Hamilton
 * Secretary of War (established in 1789):** Henry Knox
 * Bill of Rights:** The first ten amendments to the Constitution. Amendments to the constitution could be proposed by a new constitutional convention requested by two-thirds of the states. It was adopted in 1791. Guarantees freedom of: religion, speech, press, the right to bear arms, and to be tried by a jury, and to assemble and petition the gov’t for redress of grievances. It also prohibits cruel and unusual punishments and arbitrary gov’t seizure of private property.
 * Antifederalists:** People that were against the Constitution. The only way that the Antifederalists would ratify the constitution was if there was a bill of rights added on to it. They believed that the constitution gave the government way too much power and that the Bill of Rights would ensure the citizens that they would have rights.
 * James Madison:** Guided the Bill of Rights through Congress.
 * Ninth Amendment:** Declared that specifying certain rights shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
 * Tenth Amendment:** Reserves all rights not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the federal constitution to the states respectively or to the people.
 * Judiciary Act:** The act organizes Supreme Court with a chief justice and five associates as well as federal districts and circuit courts and establish the office of attorney general (1789).
 * //The Federalists Papers://** written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton. However, they sent the papers into the newspaper anonymously. The Federalist Papers were sent into the New York press. Jay, Madison, and Hamilton wrote these papers in the hope that they would persuade New York to adopt the constitution.
 * Articles of Confederation:** the first constitution of the United States of America. The Second Continental Congress appointed a committee to draft the Articles in June 1776 and sent the drafts to the states for radification in Novermber 1777 and the ratification process was compleated in March 1781.
 * Tariff:** a duty imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary.
 * Bank of the United States:** was a bank chartered by Congress on February 25, 1791. The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, and financial institutions and policies.
 * John Jay:** wrote the federalist papers, became the first chief justice of the United States.
 * Elastic Clause:** stated that Congress shall have the power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof
 * Whisky Rebellion:** flamed up in Western Pennsylvania in 1794 and sharply challenged the new government because many people regarded the new tax on whickey not as a tax on a frivilous luxury, but as a burden on an economic necessity and i medium of exchange which led to a rebellion killing three people.
 * Reign of Terror:** a period of violence that occurred for one year and two months after the onset of the French Revolution incited by conflict between rival political factionsand marked by mass executions of enemies of the revolution.
 * Jefferson Democratic-Republicans:** founded in 1792. Supporters usually identified themselves as Republicans and as Democrats. The term "Democratic Republican" was also used by contemporaries, but mostly by the party's opponents. It was the dominant political party in the United States from 1800 to 1824.
 * French Revolution:** a period of political and social upheaval and radical change in the history of France, during which the French governmental structure underwent radical change to forms based on Enlightenment principles of citizenship and birth given rights.
 * Neutrality Proclamation of 1793:** America's officail proclamation of neutrality between England and France.
 * Franco American Alliance:** President Washington felt a strong need to have an alllience between France and America and it was made official in 1778 with the signing of the Franco-American Treaty.
 * Chief Justice John Jay:** was an American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, President of the Continental Congress from 1778 to 1779 and from 1789 to 1795, the first Chief Justice of the United States. During and after the American Revolution, he was an ambassador to Spain and France. He co-wrote the Federalist Papers with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
 * General “Mad Anthony” Wayne:** General of a new army who routed the miamis at the Battle of Fallen Timbers and the British refused to shelter Indians fleeing from the battle.
 * Battle of Fallen Timbers:** battle won under General Wayne where the Indians offered Wayne their peace pipe after being abanded by the British
 * Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795:** signed in 1795 with Spain granting the Americans everything they demanded including free navigation of the Mississippi and the large disputed territory north of Florida.
 * Jay’s Treaty:** was a treaty between the United States and Great Britain which averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution, and opened ten years of largely peaceful trade in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars.
 * XYZ Affair:** a diplomatic episode that soured relations between France and the United States and led to an undeclared naval war called the Quasi War which took place from March of 1797 to 1800.
 * Presidential Campaign of 1796:** Vice President John Adams of Massachusetts was a candidate for the presidency on the Federalist Party ticket with former Governor Thomas Pinckney of South Carolina as the next most popular Federalist. Their opponents were former Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson of Virginia along with Senator Aaron Burr of New York on the Democratic-Republican ticket.
 * Napoleon Bonaparte:** military and political leader of France and Emperor of the French as Napoleon I, whose actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century
 * John Adams:** American politician and the second President of the United after being the first Vice President for two terms. He is regarded as one of the most influential Founding Fathers of the United States.
 * Alien and Sedition Acts:** four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the 5th United States Congress designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans, like later historians, attacked them as being both unconstitutional and designed to stifle criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800. **Nullification:** when a law or bill is no longer in effect when decleared unconstitutional, or the refusal to accept a law
 * Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions:** resolutions written by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts. These resolutions were the first attempts by states rights advocates to impose the rule of nullification. In their version, they argued that since the government was created as a compact of the states, they had the right to ‘nullify’ laws that they felt exceeded the granted power of the Federal government. **British Tories:** Americans who were loyal to Great Britian during the American Revolution
 * Convention of 1800:** treaty signed with France in which France agreed to pay damage claims to American shippers.


 * __Chapter Summary:__**


 * George Washington was elected president in 1789.
 * His cabinet consisted of: __Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson__, __Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton__, __and Secretary of War Henry Knox__.
 * The Bill of Rights was written by James Madison, which was passed in 1791 by congress.
 * Judiciary Act of 1789- established a chief justice, 5 associates, a federal district and circuit courts, and the offices of attorney general.
 * Alexander Hamilton favored the wealthier groups, and, therefore, he hoped that the wealthier groups would lend their money to the government after he shaped his policies in order to favor the wealthy.
 * Hamilton cajoled the Congress into paying off debts, which would give the states confidence in the treasury.
 * States that had small debts where generally against Hamilton’s proposals because they did not want the government to take on their debts. However, states that had larger debts were in favor of Hamilton’s proposals.
 * In 1790, Congress passed a deal with Virginia that allowed the government to pay off Virginia’s state debts, and, in return, Virginia was given the District of Columbia.
 * Hamilton believed that by keeping a national debt, there would be more people relying on the government to succeed.
 * Alexander also believed that tariff revenues would help the states by paying off their debts and would also run the government.
 * Hamilton supported the idea of a Bank of the United States, because he believed that it would help to provide a stable national currency that would unify the states. However, Jefferson believed that the states should not be given the same currency because they should have the right to provide their own currencies.
 * The Bank of the United States was created in 1791.
 * The two-party system was created when Jefferson and Madison created an opposition to the Hamiltonian program.
 * The Jeffersonian Democratic- Republicans and Hamilton Federalists political parties were created.
 * In 1789, the French Revolution began. The two parties had differing opinions about entering the French and British war. The Federalists were against fighting, and the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans supported the idea of entering the fight.
 * In 1793, Washington declared the Neutrality Proclamation that stated America would refrain from fighting in the war for either side.
 * The Miami Confederacy consisted of 8 Indian nations. They bought firearms from Britain. Britain refused to give up their American land despite the peace treaty of 1793. Therefore, the Jeffersonians wished to fight Britain. Yet, the Federalists opposed entering the war because they believed that staying on good terms with Britain was necessary for America’s economic improvement.
 * John Jay, the Chief Justice, created __Jay’s Treaty__ which Britain removed their soldiers from America, also to compensate for the damages done on American ships. Another stipulate was that America would continue to pay off debts owed to Britain from before the Revolutionary War.
 * __Pinckney’s Treaty of 1795 was__ made between the U.S. and Spain. America was given Florida and freedom to travel the Mississippi River.
 * In the election of 1787, John Adams became the 2nd president in a defeat against Thomas Jefferson.
 * The Federalist Party, a.k.a. the “High Federalists”, was led by Hamilton.
 * John Marshall was sent to France in 1797 to negotiate with France, who was upset over Jay’s Treaty, and, as a result, captured American ships.
 * __The XYZ Affair__ occurred when President Adams wanted his men to talk to Talleyrand, the French Foreign Minister. When Adams asked three French men to talk to Talleyrand for him, (X, Y, and Z), they required Adams to pay them $250,000. After this affair, America began to prepare for war against France.
 * In order to prepare for the war, the navy was expanded and the Marine Corps was reinstated.
 * Napoleon Bonaparte was the ruler of France at this time; he and John Jay signed the Convention of 1800, which invalidated the peace treaty made between France and America. France was also required to pay for the damages made to American shippers.
 * Alien Laws were created to keep the amount of pro-Jeffersonians low. The laws required that an alien whom wishes to become an American citizen wait from 5 to 14 years. Also, the laws stated that during times of serenity or aggression, the President was allowed to deport the aliens.
 * __The Sedition Act__ stated that if someone made a false statement against the government would be given a fine and possibly imprisoned.
 * The Kentucky resolution, made by Jefferson, and the Virginia resolution, created by Madison, allowed states to reject and government laws that they found to be unjust.
 * Federalists believed that the government should have tight control over the states, because Federalists were in favor of the government helping enterprise.
 * Jeffersonians and anti-Federalist were all about states’ rights and were also against government interference with the states’ rights.

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