Chapter+11

AP US History II Mr. Saucier
 * Chapter 11: “The Triumph of the Jeffersonian Democracy” **


 * 1) ====== Thomas Jefferson – Republican that ran for president in the election of 1800. He became president and wanted to be the “guardians of agrarian purity, liberty, and state’s rights”. He was reluctant in the uses of military and preferred to make it smaller. His running mate was Aaron Burr. ======
 * 2) ====== John Adams – Federalist that ran for president in the election of 1800. He waged a “defensive struggle for a strong central government and public order”. He, however, lost the election ======
 * 3) ====== Albert Gallatin – Secretary of Treasury of Jefferson’s cabinet. He believed that a nation debt was not a blessing and reduced the national debt with a strict economy. ======
 * 4) ====== John Marshall – He was a Federalist judge, and the Chief Justice. He served under presidents, including under Jefferson for 34 years. He was not kicked off the court when the Republican-Democratic Congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801. ======
 * 5) ====== James Madison – The Secretary of State of Jefferson’s cabinet. He was also responsible for the //Marbury vs. Madison (1803)// case when Marbury sued him. He also became president on March 4, 1809.======
 * 6) ====== William Marbury – A new judge whose salary was cut and decided to sue Madison. He brought up the case of //Marbury vs. Madison//. He ended up getting his pay in the end. ======
 * 7) ======  Samuel Chase – Supreme court justice of whom the Democratic-Republic Congress tried to remove in retaliation of the John Marshall’s decision regarding Marbury. He failed, however, due to lack of votes in the Senate. Napoleon Bonaparte ======
 * 8) ====== Napoleon Bonaparte – He was the general that went to Paris in 1803 representing Spain. He sold the Louisiana Territory, abandoning his dream of a New World Empire because he failed in his efforts to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, which Louisiana was suppose to serve as a source of foodstuffs and because Britain controlled the seas so he didn’t want Britain to take over Louisiana. He also needed the money and wanted to destroy Britain’s hopes of settling in the New World.======
 * 9) ======James Monroe & Robert Livingston - Sent by Jefferson to Paris in 1803 to buy as much land as he could for $10 million. Luckily, they were able to buy all of Louisiana Territory for only $15 million (820,000 square miles at 3 cents/acre).======
 * 10) ======Meriwether Lewis & William Clark – Jefferson sent his personal secretary, Lewis, and Clark to explore the Louisiana Purchase.======
 * 11) ======Aaron Burr – Jefferson’s first term vice president. He was dropped from Jefferson’s cabinet and joined a group of extremist Federalists who plotted the secession of New England and New York. When his plot was found, he challenged Hamilton to a duel and won.======
 * 12) ======Alexander Hamilton – The person who uncovered Aaron Burr’s plot and was challenged to a duel, where he lost and was shot.======
 * 13) ======James Wilkinson – A corrupt military governor of Louisiana Territory who made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and expand their new confederacy with invasions of Spanish-controlled Mexico and Florida. He abandoned the plot when Jefferson found out.======
 * 14) ======Tecumseh – Shawnee, along with his brother, unified many Indian tribes in a last ditch battle with the settlers; allied with the British.======
 * 15) ======Tenskwatawa – “the Prophet”; Shawnee, Tecumseh’s brother.======
 * 16) ======William Henry Harrison – Governor of the Indiana territory who defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe.======

Federalist- Adams's party who had waged a defensive struggle for strong central government and public order.

Republicans- Jefferson's party, guardians of agrarian purity, liberty, and states' rights.

“whispering campaigns”-On the defensive, Federalists had attempted to soil Jefferson's reputation through false allegations of fraud among the common people.

Sedition Acts-Required residency of fourteen years as well as gave the president authorization to imprison or deport illegal aliens. Jefferson freed the prisoners who were serving sentences under the Sedition Act.

Election of 1800-Thomas Jefferson beat John Adams by a majority of 73 to 65 electoral votes.

Naturalization Law of 1802-Reduced the requirement of fourteen years of American residency to only 5 years of residency.

Judiciary Act of 1801-Passed by the Federalist Congress, called for 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. The Republican-Democratic Congress had repealed the act however, ridding the 16 appointed judges of their seats.  // Marbury vs. Madison (1803)- ////James Madison, the new Secretary of State, had cut Marbury's salary. Marbury sued Madison for his pay, which had resulted in just that. In addition, it was also proven based on the final decision, that the Supreme Court had the final say and authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution. // Tripoli-informally declared war on the United States, capturing several American upon the arrival of Jefferson's new navy, despite Jefferson's preference of a smaller military. Following four years of fighting, the United States agreed to pay Tripoli $60,000 for the release of the captured American navymen.

Santo Domingo- Napoleon Bonaparte had failed to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, leading to his decision to abandon his dream of a New World Empire and sell all of Louisiana.

Louisiana Purchase-Robert Livingston and James Monroe had negotiated with Paris over the cost of the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million on April 30, 1803. Later, Jefferson had sent his personal secretary, Merriwether Lewis, and William Clarke to explore the northern portion of the Louisiana Purchase.

Election of 1804-Jefferson was re-elected with 162 electoral votes while his Federalist opponent, Charles Pinckney, only received 14 votes.

Orders in Council-Issued by England, closing the European ports under French Control to foreign shipping. (1806) The French then ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that enter British ports.

Embargo Act of 1807- Banned the exportation of any goods to other countries. Jefferson planned to force France and England to respect American citizens, who had been captured and killed by both countries, but only proved to hurt the profits of U.S. merchants. The act was repealed in 1809.

Non-Intercourse Act- Replaced the Embargo Act, and had opened trade to every country except Britain and France.

Macon’s Bill No. 2-Issued by Congress, re-opened American trade with the entire world. Madison then reenacted the United States' Trade Embargo following Britain's decision to not lift its Orders in Council, ultimately leading to the War of 1812.

War of 1812-War between the United States and Britain, sparked from Macon's Bill No.2. Madison's followers were anticipating War while the Federalists were strongly against such a decision. Known as "Mr. Madison's War" by New England Federalists, the War of 1812 was declared on June 1, 1812.  Twelfth Congress-Meeting in 1811, a portion of Madison's party made up of war hawks, or war-favoring soldiers from the South and West.  "War Hawks"- Name given by their federalist opponents, War Hawks yearned to wipe out Indian threat to pioneer settlers as well to go to war with Britain. Also referred to as Democratic-Republicans, along with supporting the war with Britain, they also felt that the country had to assert American rights to the world, starting with the invasion of Canada, the Indians' stronghold.


 * The Election of 1800
 * Candidate Parties
 * Federalists- Adams’ political party which struggled for a strong central government and public order.
 * Jeffersonian Republic- Guardians of agrarian purity, liberty, and state rights
 * “The Whispering Campaigns”- The Federalists accuse Thomas Jefferson of having an affair with one of his slaves.
 * Jefferson was also accused of atheism, appearing unorthodox as an American leader.
 * The Jeffersonaian “Revolution of 1800”- Jefferson won the election of 1800 by a majority of 73 to 65 electoral votes.
 * Aaron Burr received the same number of electoral votes as Jefferson. The tie was to be broken within the House of Representatives.
 * In the end, the election went to whom was thought to be the rightful candidate: Jefferson.
 * Several Federalists refrained from voting hoping for moderation from Jefferson, which ultimately broke the tie.
 * The Jeffersonian Era
 * The Jeffersonian effect
 * After the election of 1800, the Federalist Party would be crushed would never achieve presidency.
 * Due to Burr’s second place finish, the manners of elections were now changed to allow both the president and running mate run together.
 * Jefferson in Office
 * Jefferson pardoned the prisoners of the Sedition Acts.
 * The Naturalization Law of 1802 was created to reduce the requirement of 14 years of US residence to what was previously 5 years.
 * Jefferson did away with the excise tax.
 * Albert Gallatin agreed with Jefferson to reduce national debt through a strict economy.
 * Jefferson and the Judges.
 * Before Adams left office, he made a number of “midnight appointments” to fill as many government positions with Federalists he could by passing the Judiciary Act of 1801.
 * Judiciary Act of 1801 – created 16 new federal judgeships and other judicial offices.
 * The new Republican-Democratic Congress repealed the act and kicked out the 16 new judges.
 * Federalist Chief Justice John Marshal was not removed because he had shaped the American legal tradition for over 34 years.
 * Marbury vs. Madison (1803) – verdict by John Marshall
 * James Madison – secretary of state – decided to cut judge Marbury’s Salary. Marbury got his money and the Supreme Court showed judicial review.
 * Judicial Review – The court had the final authority in determining the meaning of the Constitution.
 * Samuel Chase was a Supreme Court justice that the Democratic-Republican Congress tried to remove in retaliation of Marshall’s decision but lack of votes from the Senate prevented this.
 * Jefferson’s Military Force
 * Jefferson wanted a smaller military but his views were curved when the leader of Tripoli informally declared war on the United States.
 * After 4 years of fighting, he U.S. decided to pay Tripoli $60,000 for the release of captured Americans.
 * Napoleon and the Louisiana Purchase
 * Napoleon Bonaparte was able to convince the king of Spain to give Louisiana to France, but the Americans did not want Napoleon and France in western America.
 * Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston in Paris to buy as much land as they could get for $10 million.
 * Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana to them for only $15 million. He abandoned his dream of a New World Empire.
 * He did this because he failed to re-conquer the island of Santo Domingo, which Louisiana was to serve as a source of foodstuffs.
 * He also didn’t want Britain to take over Louisiana since they already ruled the seas. He figured giving the Americans the land would both thwart the ambitions of Britain and give him much needed money.
 * On April 30, 1803, the United States bought Louisiana at 820,000 square miles at 3 cents per acre.
 * Controversy brewed as people stated that there was nothing in the Constitution to authorize the president to purchase land (he favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution) but Jefferson claimed that he had the Presidential power to negotiate treaties.
 * Jefferson sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the northern part of Louisiana.
 * The Aaron Burr Conspiracy
 * Jefferson won reelection in 1804 winning 162 electoral votes while Charles Pinckney (Federalist) only received 14.
 * He dropped Aaron Burr from the cabinet. Burr then joined a group of extremist Federalist who plotted the secession of New England and New York from America.
 * Aaron ran for New York governor, running against Alexander Hamilton. Burr lost and Hamilton uncovered his plot. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel.
 * Burr claimed that Hamilton was sabotaging his political career.
 * In the duel, Hamilton refused to shoot and was shot and killed.
 * General James Wilkinson, the corrupt military governor of Louisiana, made an allegiance with Burr to separate the western part of the United States from the East and then expand their confederacy with invading Mexico and Florida.
 * He then betrayed Burr when he learned Jefferson knew about the plot, but Burr was acquitted of the charges of treason by James Madison and fled to Europe.
 * Foreign Affairs
 * England was now the power of the seas and France the power of land.
 * England issued a series of Orders in Council in 1806, closing the European ports under French control to foreign shipping.
 * The French, in response, ordered the seizure of all merchant ships that entered British ports.
 * When British began stopping American ships and impressing – or forcing them to enlist in their navy – tensions mounted. It escalated when a British frigate attacked an American ship in American waters.
 * Not wanting war, Jefferson was forced to respond with a boycott.
 * Embargo Act of 1807 – It banned the exportation of any goods to any countries.
 * Jefferson wanted France and England, who depended on American trade, to respect the American citizens since they have been killed and captured by both countries.
 * The embargo significantly hurt the profits of U.S. merchants and was hated.
 * The Act was repealed in 1809.
 * Instead, they passed the Non-Intercourse Act, which opened up trade to every country except France and Britain.
 * The embargo failed because Jefferson overestimated the dependence of the two countries on American trade, leaving them indifferent.
 * Britain traded with the Latin Americans and France had enough land in Europe to support itself.
 * Madison’s Gamble
 * James Madison became president on March 4, 1809.
 * He had Congress issue Macon’s Bill No. 2, which reopened American trade with the entire world.
 * Napoleon then convinced James Madison to give Britain 3 months to lift its Orders in Council.
 * Madison chose to but Britain remained indifferent to their warnings.
 * After the three months, Madison reenacted the trade embargo, but only against Britain ending America’s neutrality in the war.
 * Macon’s Bill No. 2 led to the War of 1812.
 * The “War Hawks”
 * The Twelfth Congress met in 1811. Many of the seats in Congress were full of “war hawks” that favored war with Britain and to eliminate the Indian threats to pioneers.
 * At this time, Tecumseh and his brother, Tenskwatawa (also known as “the Prophet”) –who were both Shawnee – unified many Indian tribes in their last ditch battle with the settlers. They allied with the British.
 * In the fall of 1811, William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, gathered an army and defeated the Shawnee at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
 * On June 1, 1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain, and they agreed.
 * The Democratic-Republicans who supported the war felt the country had to assert American rights to the world. They wanted to invade Canada, the Indians’ stronghold because the Indians were being armed by the British to attack the settlers
 * The Federalists opposed the war because they supported Britain.