Chapter+8+-+America+Secedes+from+the+Empire

__**People**__ --- turned a traitor against the Americans in 1780 General Cornwallis -** British general defeated at the final Battle of Yorktown; he surrendered on **October 19, 1781** and therefore, the British lost the war
 * George Washington** – commander in chief of the army who was selected by the Second Continental Congress
 * Ethan Allen** – led a small American army to capture the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point
 * General Benedict Arnold** – led a small American army to capture the British garrisons at Ticonderoga and Crown Point
 * King George III** – King of England during the time of the American Revolution. He rejected the Olive Branch Petition and declared the colonies in a state of war among themselves
 * German Hessians** – hired by King George III to bring order to the colonies
 * General Richard Montgomery** – general who captured Montreal, Canada, but was killed during an attempt to attack Quebec
 * Thomas Paine –** wrote a pamphlet called //Common Sense// in 1776. He also called for a republic society, where the power would come from the people.
 * Thomas Jefferson -** wrote a draft of the Declaration of Independence
 * Richard Henry Lee –** proposed the idea that America should secede from the European empire
 * General William Howe** - British general; George Washington's adversary (enemy) during the Battle of Long Island;
 * General Burgoyne -** British general that was planning to capture the Hudson River Valley by going through Lake Champlain from Canada.
 * General Nathaniel Greene -** cleared most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina
 * John Paul Jones -** "the father of the Navy" who brought about **privateering
 * Admiral de Grasse -** helped American army in the Battle of Yorktown capture Cornwallis
 * Rochambeau's Army** - also helped George Washington and American army capture Cornwallis

__**Terms**__ // **Common Sense** // **–** pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that said the colonies should be given independence from England **Declaration of Independence** – approved by Congress on July 5, 1776; reasons why America wanted to declare their independence from England; explained everything the King had done
 * Second Continental Congress** - convention of delegates from the original thirteen colonies that met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 * Ticonderoga & Crown Point -** in 1775, tiny American armies led by Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold that captured the British
 * Bunker Hill (June 1775) –** colonists captured Bunker Hill but then the British took it back with a large number of soldiers
 * Olive Branch Petition** – the colonies declared their loyalty to the king and asked King George III to end further hostilities toward them
 * Whigs** - a term referred to the Patriots during the War of Independence
 * Tories** - a term reffered to the Loyalists during the War of Independenc
 * Loyalists** – a group that was part of the Anglican Church that remained loyal to England during the War of Independence. They made up 16% of America’s population and lived in New York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania, and New Jersey. After the Declaration of Independence was approved, they were treated with cruelty.
 * The Battle of Long Island (1776)** - battle when George Washington and his army were defeated by the British army. Following this, George Washington escaped to Manhattan Island.
 * December 26, 1776** - Washington surprised and captured 1,000 Hessians
 * Battle of Saratoga -** October 17,1777 - Horatio Gates' army defeated Burgoyne's army and they were forced to surrender.
 * home rule** - America was still under Britain's rule, however they governed themselves
 * privateering -** privately owned vessels are authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemies
 * Treaty of Fort Stanwix -** treaty signed in 1784 with the Iroquois; it forced the Iroquois to give up most of their land


 * __Things to Know__**
 * **"Burgoyne's Blunder"** - Burgoyne and Howe's armies were going to meet in the Hudson River Valley to attack Americans; however, Horatio Gates (American general) defeated Burgoyne's army at the battle of Saratoga on October 17,1777 and he was forced to surrender his army. This made possible foreign allies with France because France would only help America if they thought they could win.
 * **The Loyalist Exodus-** Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated relatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to eliminate their weaknesses.
 * **1778 - France's Alliance with America -** After the shooting at Lexington in April 1775, French began secretly providing arms to America. The British offered the Americans home rule after the Battle of Saratoga. The French didn't want Britain to regain its colonies for fear that Britain would seize the West Indies. In order to stop this, the French allied with America in 1778, offering all the British did with the exception of independence.
 * **The Treaty of Paris (1783) -**
 * British formally recognized the independence of the United States.
 * Florida is given to Spain.
 * Bounderies - the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south.
 * Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland.
 * The Loyalists were should no longer be prosecuted
 * The states would not interfere with Loyalist's property owning/collection